Saturday, February 03, 2024

Overview: Excipients used in antibody products

There are many different excipients used in antibody products, but some of the most common ones include: 

Buffers: These help to maintain the correct pH of the antibody product, which is important for its stability and activity. Common buffers used in antibody products include sodium phosphate, histidine, citrate, and acetate. 

Sodium phosphate buffer Surfactants: These help to reduce surface tension and prevent the antibody from sticking to the container or other surfaces. Common surfactants used in antibody products include polysorbates (such as polysorbate 80 and polysorbate 20) and poloxamers. 

Polysorbate 80 Tonicity agents: These help to adjust the osmotic pressure of the antibody product so that it is similar to the osmotic pressure of the body's fluids. This helps to prevent the product from causing irritation or pain when it is injected. Common tonicity agents used in antibody products include sodium chloride and mannitol. 

Sodium chloride Sugars: These can act as bulking agents in lyophilized (freeze-dried) antibody products, and they can also help to stabilize the antibody. Common sugars used in antibody products include sucrose and trehalose. 

Trehalose Amino acids: These can help to stabilize the antibody and prevent it from aggregating. Common amino acids used in antibody products include glycine and arginine. 

Antioxidants: These help to protect the antibody from damage caused by free radicals. Common antioxidants used in antibody products include methionine and histidine. 

The specific excipients used in a particular antibody product will depend on a number of factors, such as the properties of the antibody, the route of administration, the type of dosage forms (liquid, lyophilized powder) and the desired shelf life.

Here is a list of a few antibody-products for reference:

Avastin (bevacizumab) injection is a sterile, preservative-free, clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale brown solution in a single-dose vial for intravenous use. Avastin contains bevacizumab at a concentration of 25 mg/mL in either a 100 mg/4 mL or 400 mg/16 mL single-dose vial.

Each mL of solution contains 25 mg bevacizumab, α,α-trehalose dihydrate (60 mg), polysorbate 20 (0.4 mg), sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous (1.2 mg), sodium phosphate monobasic, monohydrate (5.8 mg), and Water for Injection, USP. The pH is 6.2.

Epogen (epoetin alfa) injection for intravenous or subcutaneous administration is formulated as a sterile, clear, colorless liquid in vials in multiple formulations. Single-dose vials, formulated with an isotonic sodium chloride/sodium citrate-buffered solution, are supplied in multiple strengths. Each single-dose 1 mL vial contains 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, or 10,000 Units of epoetin alfa, Albumin (Human) (2.5 mg), citric acid (0.06 mg), sodium chloride (5.9 mg), and sodium citrate (5.8 mg) in Water for Injection, USP (pH 6.9 ± 0.3). Multiple-dose, 2 mL vials contain 10,000 Units epoetin alfa, albumin (human) (2.5 mg), benzyl alcohol (1%), sodium chloride (8.2 mg), citric acid (0.11 mg), and sodium citrate (1.3 mg) per 1 mL Water for Injection, USP (pH 6.1 ± 0.3). Multiple-dose 1 mL vials contain 20,000 Units epoetin alfa, albumin (human) (2.5 mg), benzyl alcohol (1%), sodium chloride (8.2 mg), citric acid (0.11 mg), and sodium citrate (1.3 mg), per 1 mL in Water for Injection, USP (pH 6.1 ± 0.3).

Herceptin (trastuzumab) for injection is a sterile, white to pale yellow, preservative-free lyophilized powder with a cake-like appearance, for intravenous administration.

Each single-dose vial of Herceptin delivers 150 mg trastuzumab, 136.2 mg α,α-trehalose dihydrate, 3.4 mg L-histidine HCl monohydrate, 2.2 mg L-histidine, and 0.6 mg polysorbate 20. Reconstitution with 7.4 mL of sterile water for injection (SWFI) yields a solution containing 21 mg/mL trastuzumab that delivers 7.15 mL (150 mg trastuzumab), at a pH of approximately 6.

HERCEPTIN HYLECTA (trastuzumab and hyaluronidase) injection is a sterile, preservative-free, colorless to yellowish, clear to opalescent solution supplied in single-dose vials for subcutaneous administration.

HERCEPTIN HYLECTA is supplied as 600 mg trastuzumab and 10,000 units hyaluronidase per 5 mL in single-dose vials. Each mL of solution contains trastuzumab (120 mg), hyaluronidase (2,000 units), L-histidine (0.39 mg), L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (3.67 mg), L-methionine (1.49 mg), polysorbate 20 (0.4 mg), α,α-trehalose dihydrate (79.45 mg), and Water for Injection.

HUMIRA (adalimumab) injection is supplied as a sterile, preservative-free solution for subcutaneous administration. The drug product is supplied as either a single-dose, prefilled pen (HUMIRA Pen), as a single-dose, 1 mL prefilled glass syringe, or as a single-dose institutional use vial. Enclosed within the pen is a single-dose, 1 mL prefilled glass syringe. The solution of HUMIRA is clear and colorless, with a pH of about 5.2.

Each 80 mg/0.8 mL prefilled syringe or prefilled pen delivers 0.8 mL (80 mg) of drug product. Each 0.8 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (80 mg), mannitol (33.6 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.8 mg), and Water for Injection, USP.

Each 40 mg/0.4 mL prefilled syringe or prefilled pen delivers 0.4 mL (40 mg) of drug product. Each 0.4 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (40 mg), mannitol (16.8 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.4 mg), and Water for Injection, USP.

Each 40 mg/0.8 mL prefilled syringe, prefilled pen, or single-dose institutional use vial delivers 0.8 mL (40 mg) of drug product. Each 0.8 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (40 mg), citric acid monohydrate (1.04 mg), dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (1.22 mg), mannitol (9.6 mg), monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (0.69 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.8 mg), sodium chloride (4.93 mg), sodium citrate (0.24 mg) and Water for Injection, USP. Sodium hydroxide is added as necessary to adjust pH.

Each 20 mg/0.2 mL prefilled syringe delivers 0.2 mL (20 mg) of drug product. Each 0.2 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (20 mg), mannitol (8.4 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.2 mg), and Water for Injection, USP.

Each 20 mg/0.4 mL prefilled syringe delivers 0.4 mL (20 mg) of drug product. Each 0.4 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (20 mg), citric acid monohydrate (0.52 mg), dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (0.61 mg), mannitol (4.8 mg), monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (0.34 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.4 mg), sodium chloride (2.47 mg), sodium citrate (0.12 mg) and Water for Injection, USP. Sodium hydroxide is added as necessary to adjust pH.

Each 10 mg/0.1 mL prefilled syringe delivers 0.1 mL (10 mg) of drug product. Each 0.1 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (10 mg), mannitol (4.2 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.1 mg), and Water for Injection, USP.

Each 10 mg/0.2 mL prefilled syringe delivers 0.2 mL (10 mg) of drug product. Each 0.2 mL of HUMIRA contains adalimumab (10 mg), citric acid monohydrate (0.26 mg), dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (0.31 mg), mannitol (2.4 mg), monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate (0.17 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.2 mg), sodium chloride (1.23 mg), sodium citrate (0.06 mg) and Water for Injection, USP. Sodium hydroxide is added as necessary to adjust pH.

Neulasta (Pegfilgrastim) is provided in two presentations:

  • Neulasta for manual subcutaneous injection is supplied in 0.6 mL prefilled syringes. The prefilled syringe does not bear graduation marks and is designed to deliver the entire contents of the syringe (6 mg/0.6 mL).
  • On-body injector (OBI) for Neulasta is supplied with a prefilled syringe containing 0.64 mL of Neulasta in solution that delivers 0.6 mL of Neulasta in solution when used with the OBI for Neulasta. The syringe does not bear graduation marks and is only to be used with the OBI for Neulasta.

The delivered 0.6 mL dose from either the prefilled syringe for manual subcutaneous injection or the OBI for Neulasta contains 6 mg pegfilgrastim (based on protein weight) in a sterile, clear, colorless, preservative-free solution (pH 4.0) containing acetate (0.35 mg), polysorbate 20 (0.02 mg), sodium (0.02 mg), and sorbitol (30 mg) in Water for Injection, USP.

NEUPOGEN (filgrastim) injection is a sterile‚ clear‚ colorless‚ preservative-free liquid containing filgrastim at a specific activity of 1.0 ± 0.6 × 108 U/mg (as measured by a cell mitogenesis assay). The product is available in single-dose vials for subcutaneous or intravenous use and prefilled syringes for subcutaneous use. The single-dose vials contain either 300 mcg/mL or 480 mcg/1.6 mL of filgrastim. The single-dose prefilled syringes contain either 300 mcg/0.5 mL or 480 mcg/0.8 mL of filgrastim. The NEUPOGEN drug product has a pH of 4.0. See table below for product composition of each single-dose vial or prefilled syringe.

300 mcg/mL Vial480 mcg/1.6 mL Vial300 mcg/0.5 mL Syringe480 mcg/0.8 mL Syringe
*
quantity sufficient to make.
filgrastim300 mcg480 mcg300 mcg480 mcg
acetate0.59 mg0.94 mg0.295 mg0.472 mg
polysorbate 800.04 mg0.064 mg0.02 mg0.032 mg
sodium0.035 mg0.056 mg0.0175 mg0.028 mg
sorbitol50 mg80 mg25 mg40 mg
water for Injection
USP q.s. ad*1 mL1.6 mL0.5 mL0.8 mL
REMICADE® (infliximab) for injection is supplied as a sterile, preservative-free, white, lyophilized powder for intravenous infusion after reconstitution and dilution. Following reconstitution with 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, the final concentration is 10 mg/mL and the resulting pH is approximately 7.2. Each single-dose vial contains 100 mg infliximab, dibasic sodium phosphate, dihydrate (6.1 mg), monobasic sodium phosphate, monohydrate (2.2 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.5 mg), and sucrose (500 mg).
RITUXAN (rituximab) injection is a sterile, preservative-free, clear, colorless solution for intravenous infusion. RITUXAN is supplied at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in either 100 mg/10 mL or 500 mg/50 mL single-dose vials. Each mL of solution contains 10 mg rituximab, polysorbate 80 (0.7 mg), sodium chloride (9 mg), sodium citrate dihydrate (7.35 mg), and Water for Injection, USP. The pH is 6.5.

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